Body Fitness Health

Sunday, April 24, 2011

[AlternativeAnswers] Re: my dogs ears

I have four dogs. Ever since I switched to raw diet I have no problems with their ears. They are in stellar health, teeth are white, coat are shiny and are full of energy. I highly recommend raw diet for your pet.

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[AlternativeAnswers] Tick Surveillance in Great Britain.

Tick Surveillance in Great Britain

Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2010 Sep 17. [Epub ahead of print]

Tick Surveillance in Great Britain.

Jameson LJ, Medlock JM.

Medical Entomology & Zoonoses Ecology, Microbial Risk Assessment,
Emergency Response Department, Health Protection Agency , Salisbury,
Wiltshire, United kingdom .

Abstract
The ability for public/veterinary health agencies to assess the risks
posed by tick-borne pathogens is reliant on an understanding of the main
tick vector species. Crucially, the status, distribution, and changing
trends in tick distribution and abundance are implicit requirements of
any risk assessment; however, this is contingent on the quality of tick
distribution data. Since 2005 the Health Protection Agency has promoted
an enhanced tick surveillance program. Through engagement with a variety
of public and veterinary health agencies and practitioners (e.g.,
clinicians and veterinarians), wildlife groups (deer society, zoos,
animal refuge centers, and academics), and amateur entomologists, >4000
ticks from 900 separate records across Great Britain have been
submitted, representing 14 tick species (Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes
hexagonus, Ixodes acuminatus, Ixodes arboricola, Ixodes canisuga, Ixodes
frontalis, Ixodes lividus, Ixodes trianguliceps, Ixodes ventalloi,
Carios vespertilionis, Dermacentor reticulatus, Haemaphysalis punctata,
Hyalomma marginatum, and Amblyomma species). The majority of ticks
submitted were I. ricinus (81%), followed by I. hexagonus (10%) and I.
frontalis (2.5%). Predominant host groups include companion animals (411
records), humans (198 records), wild birds (111 records), and large wild
mammals (88 records), with records also from small/medium wild mammals,
livestock, the environment and domestic/aviary birds. The scheme has
elucidated the detection of two nonnative tick species, the expansion of
previously geographically restricted D. reticulatus and produced ground
data on the spread of I. ricinus in southwest England. It has also
provided a forum for submission of ticks from the concerned public and
particularly those infected with Lyme borreliosis, thus raising
awareness among public health agencies of the increased peri-urban tick
problem in Britain. Our results demonstrate that it is possible to run a
cost-effective nationwide surveillance program to successfully monitor
endemic tick species, identify subtle changes in their distribution, and
detect the arrival and presence of exotic species.

PMID: 20849277 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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[AlternativeAnswers] The role of inflammation in epilepsy

The role of inflammation in epilepsy

Review

Nature Reviews Neurology 7, 31-40 (January 2011) |
doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.178
Subject Categories: _Epilepsy_
(http://www.nature.com/nrneurol/archive/neuro_s6_current_archive.html) | _Neuroimmunology and neuroinflammation_
(http://www.nature.com/nrneurol/archive/neuro_s19_current_archive.html) |
_Injury, repair and rehabilitation_
(http://www.nature.com/nrneurol/archive/neuro_s13_current_archive.html)
The role of inflammation in epilepsy
Annamaria Vezzani, Jacqueline French, Tamas Bartfai & Tallie Z. Baram
_About the authors_
(http://www.nature.com/nrneurol/journal/v7/n1/authors/nrneurol.2010.178.html)

(http://www.nature.com/nrneurol/journal/v7/n1/abs/nrneurol.2010.178.html?lang=en#top) Abstract
Epilepsy is the third most common chronic brain disorder, and is
characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate seizures. Despite progress
in pharmacological and surgical treatments of epilepsy, relatively little is
known about the processes leading to the generation of individual
seizures, and about the mechanisms whereby a healthy brain is rendered epileptic.
These gaps in our knowledge hamper the development of better preventive
treatments and cures for the ≈30% of epilepsy cases that prove resistant to
current therapies. Here, we focus on the rapidly growing body of evidence that
supports the involvement of inflammatory mediators—released by brain cells
and peripheral immune cells—in both the origin of individual seizures and
the epileptogenic process. We first describe aspects of brain inflammation
and immunity, before exploring the evidence from clinical and experimental
studies for a relationship between inflammation and epilepsy. Subsequently,
we discuss how seizures cause inflammation, and whether such inflammation,
in turn, influences the occurrence and severity of seizures, and
seizure-related neuronal death. Further insight into the complex role of
inflammation in the generation and exacerbation of epilepsy should yield new molecular
targets for the design of antiepileptic drugs, which might not only
inhibit the symptoms of this disorder, but also prevent or abrogate disease
pathogenesis.

(http://www.nature.com/nrneurol/journal/v7/n1/abs/nrneurol.2010.178.html?lang=en#top)

Author affiliations
A. Vezzani, J. French, T. Bartfai & T. Z. Baram
Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological
Research, Via Giuseppe La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy (A. Vezzani). NYU
Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, 223 East 34th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA (J.
French). Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Department, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
(T. Bartfai). Pediatrics, Anatomy and Neurobiology, and Neurology, UC Irvine,
ZOT 4475, Irvine, CA 4475, USA (T. Z. Baram).
Correspondence to: A. Vezzani _vezzani@marionegri.it_
(mailto:vezzani@marionegri.it)
Published online 7 December 2010

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